Counseling and Methadone in Treatment of Substance Abuse Essay

Counseling and Methadone in Treatment of Substance Abuse - Essay Example Substance abuse, including tobacco use and nicotine addiction, is associated with a wide range of serious health and social problems. Recent epidemiological evidence demonstrates that 72 conditions requiring inpatient treatment are wholly or partially attributable to substance abuse. Consequently, the estimated annual cost for health care, law enforcement, motor vehicle crashes, crime, and lost productivity due to substance abuse is nearly 1 thousand dollars for every American citizen, including children (Austin, 2005). Such disturbing situation with substance abuse can not but appeal for immediate and effective actions from the government and local authorities. Although the problem is not new, the search for the most effective methods of coping with substance abuse is far from being over. Many different prevention and treatment options have been proposed up to date, but none of them can be addressed as the most effective. Partially this is due to the fact that substance abuse is a condition with extremely complex and often controversial etiology; partially due to lack of serious scientific research exploring specific mechanisms of recovery. The increasing use of psychotherapeutic interventions in both prevention and treatment of substance abuse suggests that modern researchers and practitioners are taking efforts to deal with the problem more effectively than before. This paper provides an overview of the most widely used type of interventions in treatment of substance abuse, namely psychological counseling. Counseling Despite the long history of use a lot of issues related to psychological counseling in treatment of substance abuse still remain poorly explored or unknown. There is one major reason for such situation listed in the substance abuse literature: counseling research projects have often been denied funding due to inability of the researchers to convince the funding authorities that their research standards for scientific investigation meet the conventional standards. Unfortunately, specifics of psychological research makes this task extremely complex: even the most fundamental traditional standard of experimental investigation, the double-blind method, is a "virtual impossibility in comparative psychotherapy research" (Onken & Blaine, 1990: 1). Instead, most of the research in the field has focused on medication treatments for substance abuse even despite the fact though non-pharmacological interventions (such as psychotherapy) are used more frequently, either alone or in combination wit h other methods of treatment (Carroll, 1998). However, the lack of funding have not prevented the researchers and practitioners from designing a number of psychological and psychosocial intervention strategies for treatment of substance abuse. Although the philosophies underlying various kinds of treatment are vastly different, almost all of them include, in some or other form, psychological counseling that has been used in substance abuse recovery and prevention programs since long ago. Thus, already in the early 1980s individual psychotherapy or psychological counseling were available in a stunning 99 % of the drug-free, methadone-maintenance, and multiple-modality drug abuse treatment units and almost 97 percent of the detoxification units in this United States (National Drug and

The Level of Performance in Principles of Management Essay Example for Free

The Level of Performance in Principles of Management Essay Introduction The level of success of Bachelor of Science in Business Administration freshmen achieved in their midterm of first semester of college has far-reaching implications for students’ personal and professional lives. Student success has an immediate influence on a student’s self-esteem, persistence in elected majors, and perseverance in higher education. Success in early semesters at college also ultimately impacts students’ post-college experiences, such as career choice, personal income and level of success, and degree and nature of participation in community life. Thus, the experience a student has in the introductory college classes she or he attends can have a significant influence on the course of that student’s adult life. Management is not an absolute; rather it is socially and culturally determined. Across all cultures and in all societies, people coming together to perform certain collective acts encounter common problems having to do with establishing direction, coordination and motivation. Anyone that has worked in different jobs throughout their life can tell you that there are many different styles of management. Sometimes thats defined by a company, which sets rules and regulations about how managers must carry out their job duties. In other companies, each manager manages in the way he or she feels is most effective or most comfortable. The way management is handled in a company can usually be tied to a specific management theory. Our lessons will guide you through a variety of those theories. This study would let us know what could possibly be the problem that affects the performance of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration freshmen. This may also be an instrument in expressing and letting the College Administration be more aware of the needs of the students. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the level of performance in Principles of Management of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration first year students in University of Northern Philippines. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following factors: a. sex, b. present address, c. home address, d. civil status, e. type of school graduated, f. occupation of father, g. occupation of mother, h. family monthly income? 2. What is the level of performance of the BSBA first year students in Principles of Management in UNP? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and their performance in Principles of Management? Scope and Delimitation The study focused on the level of performance in Principles of Management of the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration first year students in the University of Northern Philippines. The respondents were chosen by purposive sampling. There were 60 respondents represented the whole BSBA first year students. A questionnaire checklist was constructed by the researchers to determine the level of performance of the respondents in University of Northern Philippines particularly in the College of Business Administration and Accountancy. Theoretical Framework Business principles and management focuses on the basics of finance, marketing, operations, and management. The theme of career planning permeates the subject matter. The student will explore many career fields and will be encouraged to think about and plan success as a business professional in one of the many career opportunities presented in the course. The course examines business in real life situations. The student is encouraged to think about the ethics of business practice, including the goal of improving society through business, and the global impact of business operations, as well as the fundamentals of earning a profit and managing a successful enterprise. Marketing, financial management, business and technology, consumer credit, banking, savings and investment strategies, production and risk management are just some of the topics covered in this basic course. Anyone that has worked in different jobs throughout their life can tell you that there are many different styles of management. Sometimes thats defined by a company, which sets rules and regulations about how managers must carry out their job duties. In other companies, each manager manages in the way he or she feels is most effective or most comfortable. The way management is handled in a company can usually be tied to a specific management theory. Our lessons will guide you through a variety of those theories. We have lessons that will address theories including classical management, classical scientific, classical administrative, neo-classical, behavioural management and modern. Youll get to see real examples and be provided with explanations of all these different management styles. Our lessons will help you to understand what theories work best in different situations, so you can clearly see how to match a company setting to a management style. Lessons will also give you the cha nce to look at related concepts in management theory. For example, youll see how Maslows Hierarchy of Needs can be used in management and how it relates to the Needs Theory. Learn about the two types of managers. See how each type functions and what each type has to offer to his or her company and employees. Take a look at organizational change in relation to management, as well. There are many experts in the field of management who have contributed to management theories. We have lessons that will introduce you to these experts (like Max Weber, Frederick Taylor and Henry Gnatt) and explain their roles in the field. Our lessons cover research and concepts such as Gilbreths Motion Study, Fayols Principles of Management and the Hawthorne Effect. Study things like Mary Parker Folletts ideas on people-oriented management and a group-network approach to management. Learn more about theories, like Chester Barnards ideas on informal organization and acceptance theory of management. The purpose of the course is to enable you to think like a manager and to provide you with the basic information you need to be successful as a manager. You will learn the functions of management, the tools that managers use, and the vocabulary you’ll need to understand management and business communications and publications. By learning what managers do, you will be better able to function in a management position, integrate material from other relevant courses, and decide whether you are interested in a career in management. Managing people is not easy. However, it can be done successfully. And it can be a very rewarding experience. Remember that management, like any other skill, is something that you can improve at with study and practice.

John Dalton :: essays research papers

John Dalton Around September 2, 1766 John Dalton was born. He was born in Eaglesfield, England. Dalton was most known for the development of the modern atomic theory. Dalton was taught at his early ages of learning by his father and a Quaker teacher whom in 1778 Dalton would replace him after he retired. He quit that job and left his village to work with his cousin in Kendal, but he stayed a teacher. In 1793 he moved to Manchester, this is where he would remain the rest of his life. Dalton was influenced greatly by the mathematician John Gough. Dalton while in Manchester became the teacher of math and philosophy at a college. He taught there until 1799. Dalton became a chemist and physicist after his teaching jobs. Dalton did a lot of experimenting but did not test his experiments to make sure they were right. A good amount of his experiments were later proven to not be true. But his most famous theory "Dalton law" the modern atomic theory was proved true. John Dalton also published a lot of papers on atoms. His most famous article was on "absorption of gases by water and other liquids," this article contained his atomic theory. Dalton was the first person to develop a scientific atom theory, the ancient Greeks had ideas about the atom but could not prove it scientifically. Antoine Lavoisier and Dalton are responsible for the discovery of 90 natural elements. Dalton also explained the variations of water vapor in the atmosphere, the base of meteorology. Dalton’s atomic theory says that each element contained its own number of atoms. Each element had its own size and weight. Dalton’s idea said that all things are made of small bits of matter this bits of matter where too small to be seen even with a microscope. Scientist began to think these small bits of matter where responsible for chemical changes. They thought that when these bits of matter combined a chemical change took place. Dalton assumed that there was a special pattern in the elements and was partly responsible for the periodic table. Dalton in 1787 started to keep a journal. In Dalton’s journal he wrote about more than two hundred thousand observations. In 1793 he wrote a book about Meteorological observations. Dalton went to Paris in 1822 to discuss his theories with the other men of science in that time period.

Diploma in Leadership for Health Essay

The purpose of this unit is to assess the learner’s knowledge, understanding and skills required to promote the professional duty to maintain the currency of knowledge and skills and the need to continually reflect on and improve practice. The learning outcomes below are to be covered to enable you to achieve the unit. 1. Understand principles of professional development. 2. Be able to prioritise goals and targets for own professional development. 3. Be able to prepare a professional development plan. 4. Be able to improve performance through reflective practice. ASSIGNMENT COMPLETION INSTRUCTIONS Complete each learning outcome with a minimum of 250 words for each assessment criteria. Refer to the relevant workshop material in particular the Additional Reading Material. This assignment needs to be typed and when completed sent to: suzannebettaney@eurosourcesolutions.com LEARNING OUTCOME 1 – UNDERSTAND PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 1.1 Explain the importance of continually improving knowledge and practice. It is important whilst working in a childcare setting to continually improve your knowledge and practice to ensure all aspects are carried out correctly in line with up to date policies and procedures. This helps to ensure that the best practice is followed at all times. Understanding that practice can change frequently and keeping ourselves up to date is vital. Constant development of all staff would also ensure that no one is falling behind and that everyone is up to date. Sharing information around the team helps to certify all staff are kept up to date with changing practice and are following the best practice possible. ‘Froebel believed that the training of workers for early years settings was essential’ – Early years and education pg.6. Benefits of training The benefits of staff training are good practice and bring together professionals to develop common ways of working which will widen an employee’s potential to progress and enhance performance. Continually training or extending to having managerial skills enable the individual to apply for a new job role or a promotion, therefore leading to a career progression. Benefits to the individual The benefits to the individual of improving knowledge and practice are becoming confident in your skill. Effective education requires practitioners who understand that young children develop rapidly, children are entitled to provision that supports and extends knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence. The outcomes for the children are better for development and learning. Training acts as a toolkit to use in all scenarios. Benefits to the employer It is the employer who has overall responsibility for their staff and therefore it is in their best interests to have a well trained team. It is  beneficial to the manager to be able to get work done safely, effectively and efficiently, the organisation is only as good as its overall staff. Having had further training staff will be able to pick up on extra additional needs a child may need as a result the child needs can be met successfully. 1.2 Analyse potential barriers to professional development In order for me to progress within my professional development, i should consider any potential barriers, once these barriers have been identified i should look at these barriers as challenges to overcome and not as problems which may remain unsolved. I consider barriers as a stepping stone to improve my skills and knowledge. Here is a list of some barriers which may prevent further professional development Having inadequate staffing levels Fear and lack of confidence in learning Lack of time due to high work loads Lack of resources and skills Lack of effective evaluation of learning Everyone has different learning styles, some people find it difficult sitting in a class and taking notes from a teacher, other people learn better from practical, I myself learn better being more hands on. Language barriers could play a big part in a staff member understanding what they are hearing or reading. A manager should encourage this member of staff to get extra help from themselves or an early year’s advisor. Individuals’ personal beliefs and attitudes impact significantly on the way they behave, overcoming these barriers is essential and here are a few ideas of how things can be resolved. Talking to the key individual, this gives an insight into particular problems or situations. Advantages include: Ideas can be explored Information can be obtained Gets any problems fixed quickly Disadvantages: It relies heavily on the key individual The responses may be biased It may be difficult to find the right person to talk to Observation is an effective way of assessing people’s behaviour in their working environment, this gives detail and analysis of current behaviours. A disadvantage of this is that some people’s behaviour alters if they know they are being observed. A good questionnaire can help give me a clear picture of current practice, I can then get a rapid collection of large amounts of data from lots of people it also highlights any need for change through communication from result. Some disadvantages from this is that time is needed to develop good questions and I cannot ask follow up questions. Professional development is vital to improve the workplace and it is essential for good people management. Continuing professional development is an ongoing, planned, learning and development process which enables all workers to expand and fulfil their potential. 1.3 Compare the use of different sources and systems of support for professional development. Support for my learning and development is very important and can be provided by other people in my workplace and also by outside agencies. Sources of support Staff meetings Training provided in house Training by outside agencies Appraisals Discussions with staff team Internet and E-learning Training – planned activities which enable a trainee to do something they haven’t done before. Learning – absorbing new information to apply in practice. Training is the input of information from outside, learning is the internal process of absorbing and understanding that information so it can be put into practice. Another source of support is using my manager as a role model and having staff meetings for advice. Supervisors can support my professional development by using supervisory meetings as an opportunity to scaffold and support any new knowledge. One way of doing this is to analyse my own work and its implementations. Reflection is important because it empowers people to assess their own performance. Awareness of my own strengths as well as my limits and vulnerabilities allows me to make mid-course corrections in work performance that feels natural and unforced. 1.4 Explain factors to consider when selecting opportunities and activities for keeping knowledge and practice up to date. LEARNING OUTCOME 2 – BE ABLE TO PRIORITISE GOALS AND TARGETS FOR OWN PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT. 2.1 Evaluate own knowledge and performance against standards and benchmarks. My role as team leader is to work as part of the management team, to provide professional leadership and management to the nursery staff to ensure all children receive the highest standards of care and education. I need to have positive working relationships with staff, parents and carers and make sure that my entire team feel supported in their job roles. My key responsibilities: Provide professional and relevant feedback to parents/carers about their child. Ensure records of development and learning are accurately maintained by the appropriate staff. Make sure appropriate planning is in place to maintain the required standards. Provide leadership and support staff to  enable them to establish and uphold positive working relationships. Guarantee that practice and provision in the nursery meets the requirements of the early years foundation stage. Ensure all children are kept safe and that staff understand and, when necessary, follow safeguarding procedures. Support the development of good practice with regards to special needs and inclusion. Develop and maintain highly professional working relationships with relevant local authority departments, regulatory bodies and other agencies. Health and safety: Undertake a shared responsibility for health, safety and cleanliness throughout the nursery. Be fully aware of all emergency and security procedures. Operational: Support the manager and staff during inspections by regulatory bodies and assist in the implementation of any recommendations. Promote the nursery to current parents and potential customers. Staff: Support and supervise nursery staff with their day to day duties. Support and mentor staff and students. Be responsible for taking part in all self-development activities such as appraisals. Identify any training needs. Develop positive relationships with staff. General: Adhere to all company policies and procedures. Ensure that the company’s policies on diversity and equal opportunities are adhered to. The tasks I have stated above require a different combination of skills, knowledge and personal attributes for my work to be effective. I need to hold strong written and spoken communication skills, have good time management and organisational skills to meet deadlines and targets and to  have leadership skills to be able to support, develop and motivate my team. I need to hold and NVQ level 3 or above with at least 2 years experience in an early years setting, have a working understanding of the early years foundation stage and have current first aid qualifications to carry out my job role. I also need to have previous leadership skill, experience of meeting OFSTED requirements, practice as a room leader or manager and knowledge of OFSTED and EYFS. Some personal attributes that I feel I hold which allow me to achieve in my job role are being caring, mature and having a patient nature. I also need to be consistent and fair and have a sense of responsibility. 2.2 Prioritise development goals and targets to meet expected standards. To become more effective in my job role I need to have a plan. Having a visible plan helps me as a team leader see a quick overview of daily tasks and allows me to check that everyone understands their own work objectives. It also helps to agree timescales and goals and helps with performance and managing. Planning skills are vital to my efficiency and success in my job. I have to be able to set and achieve targets, prioritise these and help others do the same. The main purpose of negotiating realistic targets for work is to ensure that work gets done in a reasonable time and allows for overall better management, focusing on the outcome. Setting targets is part of planning so the more accurately I keep to a plan usually the more likely I am to succeed. Personal development is a long process. It helps me to assess my skills and qualities, consider my aims in life and set goals in order to realise and maximise my own potential. Practical steps need to be taken to enhance my personal development including: Organising my time Overcoming barriers to learning a new skill Undertaking a skills appraisal Being able to manage my time effectively will allow me to plan specific periods where I can devote myself to studying and preparing for future  assignments. Time management has always been one of my personal areas to improve and now I feel that i need to prioritise study time as this could be a potential pitfall for me. My end goal is to be able to complete my NVQ level 5 and in order to do this I need to plan where to study and still set aside time to spend with my family and work life. Some ways in which I can begin to organise my time could be to delegate at home and at work and to collect appropriate reading materials to help me, I can use all these skills to implement at work what I have learnt from studying. LEARNING OUTCOME 3 – BE ABLE TO PREPARE A PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN. 3.1 Select learning opportunities to meet development objectives and reflect personal learning style.(please state the method you used to identify your learning style and describe your findings) State and explain the learning opportunities. Having a personal development plan helps me to take responsibility for my own personal development; this will motivate me to develop my own skills and to be aware of strengths, weaknesses and what training might be required to fulfil my future plans. Here are a few main steps to begin this process: Consider my own skills, strengths and weaknesses. Before i can work out which areas I need to develop, I need to analyse the skills I already hold. Decide which areas I need to develop. Looking at my current job I need to decide whether I intend on staying in my job role. Create the plan. I would think about how I can achieve objectives and do I need more training? Discuss plan with others. My manager or even my colleagues could give support and offer suggestions to help gain experience. Implement my plan Review my plan After looking at all these steps I can now begin building my own professional development plan. After previously stating in an earlier section everyone’s learning styles are different, I see myself as a pragmatist meaning I am keen to test things out in practice and like to experiment with new ideas. 3.2 Produce a plan for own professional development, using an appropriate source of support.(Use format shown in additional reading activities) It is often a good idea to keep a record of personal development plans. By writing down key developments in learning and development as and when they occur, I am able to reflect on my success at a later date. This reflection may well help to motivate me to learn more skills in the future. Targets identified Resources required Recommended solution Expected outcome Timescale for completion Leadership skills Time management To complete NVQ level 5 Help from colleagues and friends Time log and diary Appropriate reading materials Be assertive and take control of situations Prioritise my time, make a plan for work, home and studying Plan when to study To be a confident team leader who can delegate To have a healthy a Balance for work and home. To pass each assignment and maintain standards at work Ongoing Immediately December 2015 I will use the results of my PDP evaluation as part of the continuous improvement process to develop the following years’ PDP, and to revise professional learning goals based on my performance results and practice. 3.3 Establish a process to evaluate the effectiveness of your professional development plan. In order to establish the effectiveness of my PDP, I will need to measure my achievements against the targets and goals I have set. As well as being SMART, in order that the goals are achievable, I must use a method of evaluating it’s effectiveness. In this case, a formative method would be appropriate as I will need to evaluate my outcomes on a regular basis. Summative methods would not be appropriate as it would only take into account measures of actual achievements, and would not account for all the different factors involved in the process. A formative evaluation would enable evaluation of all these factors in order to have a working document that can be adapted on a regular basis, in order that it stays relevant and SMART. My targets are time management, developing my leadership skills, delegating and completing NVQ. I need to break down some of these further in order to make it easier rather than just trying to measure that my leadership skills have improved. For example, delegation is a leadership skill but will also help with my time management. How I go about delegating will show how my leadership skills are developing. Therefore ‘improving my leadership skills’ is the end goal and the targets I need to meet to help me achieve this are ‘to improve my time management’, ‘complete my NVQ’, ‘delegate tasks’ and to be able to take steps to achieve this. I might also break these down further so that ‘to improve my time management’ would be ‘to complete assignments and submit them on time’. However, to achieve this I need to set aside time to study, which will show that I can manage my  time, so I would need to include this within the plan, as well as how I have achieved this. I will also include times when I have been unable to achieve things such as ‘setting aside study time’ and evaluate this. This will demonstrate my leadership skills are improving. When evaluating the effectiveness of my PDP, I must reflect on what has been useful and what has hindered the targets I have set myself. This must also take into account the opinions or feedback from colleagues and peers. As I have chosen a formative style of PDP, regular evaluation and reflectiveness is an integral part of the formative PDP, and something that I must evaluate and re-evaulate on a regular basis, so that I am more aware of my strengths and weaknesses. When I evaluate my plan, my reflections on the effectiveness of the plan will help me to adapt my behaviour and the plan if necessary. LEARNING OUTCOME 4 – BE ABLE TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE THROUGH REFLECTIVE PRACTICE. 4.1 Compare models of reflective practice. There are many different models of reflection; the most simple model could be Boud’s triangular representation. Experience Learning Reflection This model has restrictions; it doesn’t lead us as to what reflection might consist of or how learning might transform into experience. Alternatively, other theorists have broken down the cycle into further stages; an example of this is Gibbs reflective cycle. Gibbs model acknowledges that personal feelings influence the situation and how I could begin to reflect on it Edgar Schon describes reflection in two ways, reflection in and reflection on action. The differences in these types of reflection are reflecting whilst the situation unfolds (during the activity) and reflecting retrospectively on an event (looking back and changing what didn’t work). Greenwood states that reflection before action is an important preparatory element to  reflective learning as it allows the practitioner to formulate plans ahead of situations arising. Reflecting on action is perhaps the most common form of reflection; it involves me carefully re-running in my mind events that have occurred in the past. The aim is to value strengths and to develop different, more effective ways of acting in the future. Reflection in action is the feature of the experienced professional, it means examining my own behaviour and that of others while in a situation (Schon 1995) The following skills are involved: Being a participant observer in situations that offer learning opportunities; Attending to what I see and feel in my current situation, focusing on responses and making connections with previous experiences. Reflection on action is a more appropriate type of reflection especially when developing a personal development plan as I can record, look back, analyse, and improve after each target has been reached. 4.2 Explain the importance of reflective practice to improve performance. Reflection is one way of helping to link a theory and integrate learning. Through reflection i can: Focus thoughts on experience Gain greater understanding of my practice Become more aware of knowledge and skills which I have developed Identify strengths and areas for development Develop an action plan for future development. ‘Reflecting on performance and acting on reflection’ McKay notes ‘is a professional imperative’ – 2008 forthcoming Through reflection i can examine my own thoughts and feelings about the experience and identify the interventions that best meet the specific child’s goals for growth and development Being a reflective practitioner helps to increase my skills, understanding and learning. It results in being  a more effective practitioner. Effective practitioners are those who understand themselves, their knowledge, their feelings and the framework within which they understand children. Being a reflective professional requires that I continually review and develop my own practice. 4.3 Use reflective practice and feedback from others to improve performance. (please write a personal and witness account of this in practice with explanation and examples) One personal example of using reflective practice to improve my performance came to me only recently. Up until a few weeks ago I was job sharing my team leader role with another member of my team. I found it very difficult to voice my opinions and always felt as if delegating wasn’t working. All shared responsibility on her side was more often left incomplete and as you can see I was feeling very annoyed and upset about this due to the feeling I was letting the remainder of my team down. After continually liaising with my manager about this I began to feel more confident in speaking out as I feel very passionate about my job I didn’t want to fall even more behind with planning and jobs to improve my team. I have now taken on full responsibility of my unit and have had very positive feedback from my manager on how the unit and team have improved significantly. Every day I am developing more self confidence and courage and am learning to be more assertive as a team leader. Having positive feedback from my manager and colleagues has given me a huge confidence boost, knowing that I am capable of leading my team which enables me to continually improve the quality of my work. 4.4 Evaluate how practice has been improved through: Reflection on best practice Reflection on failures and mistakes.

Elements of the Communication Process Essay

Companies need to develop strategies to improve brand image and brand awareness. The important aspect of spreading brand awareness and brand image is through communication. Companies need to establish a communication channel to win the new customers and retain existing customer. This communication is not restricted just to customer but also stakeholders in the value network. Communication is achieved through advertisement, sales promotion, public relation exercise, direct marketing and interactive marketing. Elements of Communication Process Communication process should not be one way traffic. Companies should look forward to developing communication network in which companies can reach customer but customer also can effectively communicate with companies. Technology has opened up many avenues to carry out effective communication. Companies have traditional tools like newspaper, television, radio, telephone, billboards and modern tools like the internet, emails and wireless devices. Technology has made the communication process not only faster but also reduced over all communication cost. There are nine elements, which make the communication process. The two parties are sender-company and receiver-customer. The communication tools are message and media used to communicate the process. The four major communication functions are encoding, decoding, response and feedback. The last element is the noise which is anytime of interference disrupting clarity of the message. Senders must encode the message as per the target audience and use the right media. The receiver decodes the message, responds to the message and sends feedback to the company. Experience senders are able to garner a more effective response from the right message. Companies have to put effort in developing an effective communication program. The development of the communication program can be charted into eight steps. 1.The first step is identifying the target audience. The target audiences are the existing customer or the potential new customers. Target audience identification is essential for further development and overall success of the communication program. Once the audience is identified the next part is assessing the present company or brand perception within the target audience. Based on the results from the audience analysis the message should address the requirements. 2.The second step is to set specific objectives for the given communication message. This objective could be to enhance existing image, convey attribute, or encourage a consumer to act. The objective can have a cognitive, affective or behavioral response. 3.The third step is the design of the message. The designing of the message follows the objective of the message. The design of the message has to address the following four points, content of message, message structure, message format and message source. 4.The fourth step is the selection of the communication channel. The channel must be appropriate to carry the message to the target audience. For pharmaceutical companies, their sales people are the most effective channel in reaching the target doctor audience, instead of placing billboards. 5.The fifth step is related with the financial estimates of the whole expenditure. Companies need to decide budget of sales promotional and other activities. The common methods followed are an affordable method, percentage of sales method, competitive parity method, and objective-task methods. 6.The sixth step is the decision relate to the communication mix. Companies have limited budget, so they need balance expenditure among advertising, sales promotion, public relation, sales force and direct marketing. The relevant choice of the communication mix is highly dependable on the industry the company is operating. 7.The seventh step measuring results of the communication process. It is very important for companies to keenly follow the outcomes of the communication process. The results could be increased in sales, change in attitude or image of the brand. 8.The eight step is managing the integrated marketing process. Companies cannot afford to continue one medium approach to achieve desired communication effect. Companies must integrate all the available tools as to reach a wider audience and effectively communicate about brand and products.

To Kill or Not to Kill Essay Example

To Kill or Not to Kill Essay Example To Kill or Not to Kill Essay To Kill or Not to Kill Essay CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: TO KILL OR NOT TO KILL Student: Dave Cameron Professor: Robert Ashley Class: CAN271FA Law The Citizen The first record of capital punishment in Canada is that of Peter Cartcel, a sailor who murdered Abraham Goodsides, a sailor from another ship, in 1749. Peter Cartcel was found guilty of murder and sentenced to death by hanging. Capital punishment was first implemented in Canada in 1749 when it was under British rule as a British colony. The death penalty was not abolished in Canada until 1976. The last instance of Capital punishment was an execution that took place at Toronto’s Don Jail on December 11, 1962. Arthur Lucas, a man convicted of killing an FBI informant and Ronald Turpin, a petty thief who shot a policeman while fleeing a restaurant robbery, were the last two individuals to be hung in Canada. Over the course of the two centuries that Capital punishment was in use in Canada, 710 individuals were executed. Canada should not re-instate the death penalty for any offences due to the fact that the legal system is still not an exact science and many innocent individuals continue to be wrongfully accused of crimes. There are many disadvantages to Capital punishment and reinstating it would be an egregious error on our nation’s part and we would be taking a step backwards in terms of our civility and humanity. If Canada reinstates the death penalty, there is a possibility that many individuals will be executed for crimes they did not commit. While there are no known cases of wrongful executions in Canada, between the years of 1879 and 1960, 438 death sentences were commuted as a result of newfound evidence etc. Had those 438 death sentences not been commuted, it is possible that 438 innocent Canadian citizens would have been put to death. Despite the fact that there is no evidence of wrongful executions in Canada, there have been many cases of individuals who have been exonerated of their crimes years after they were executed in other nations. One infamous case of wrongful execution occurred in the United States. Claude Jones, a United States citizen, was executed in the year 2000 for murdering liquor storeowner Allen Hilzendager in 1989. In 2007, a DNA test revealed that the strand of hair that was used by the prosecution to convict Claude Jones was actually a strand of hair belonging to the victim, proving Claude Jones’ innocence. Similar to Claude Jones’ proven innocence years after his execution, there have been many wrongful executions in other nations throughout the world. In the United Kingdom, Timothy Evans was found guilty of murdering his wife and daughter in 1950. The serial killer John Christie in fact committed the murders. The police coerced Timothy Evans into a false confession. The police also did not do a proper search of John Christie’s property and failed to find other human remains. Timothy Evans was granted a royal pardon in 1966, however an innocent life had been needlessly taken. Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom partly because of Timothy Evans wrongful execution. If Capital punishment did not exist in these nations, the lives of many innocent men and women would have been spared. Therefore, Capital punishment should not be reinstated in Canada because it is not worth the possibility that innocent Canadians will be put to death for crimes they did not commit. If an individual is wrongfully accused for a crime, incarcerated for life and are exonerated, they can be released and resume their former life. However, a wrongful execution cannot be undone or taken back, it is permanent. It has been proven throughout the history of modern of law, particularly throughout the history of English common law, which is the basis of the Canadian legal system in every province in Canada except for Quebec, a province where they practice Civil law, that 50% of eyewitness testimony is false. Eyewitness testimony is the most influential deciding factor for a Jury during trial and 95-100% of crimes that carry Capital punishment are trails with a Jury. Therefore, there is a very high risk that innocent individuals will be put in jail and sentenced to Capital punishment based on a Jury swayed by false eyewitness testimony. Capital punishment has been used by nearly all nations throughout the world at one point in history. The use of Capital punishment as part of the justice system began with recorded history and it has made many changes and advances over the millennia that it has been in use. To its credit, there have been many movements towards more humane forms of execution, especially throughout the last century. Prisoners are no longer being boiled to death, crucified or impaled, however execution as a form of punishment is still seen as a gruesome act by many countries, including Canada. The more humane forms of execution that have been invented and implemented in modern jails include the electric chair, the gas chamber and lethal injection. These forms of â€Å"humane† execution are used in the United States where Capital punishment is legal. Many societies with Capital punishment ascribe to the Biblical Old Testament form of law, the idea of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, where a person who has harmed another should be similarly harmed in retribution. However, if you take an eye for an eye every time someone is wronged, the whole world will go blind. Another disadvantage to Capital punishment is that one of the purposes of jails in modern society is to rehabilitate inmates. Jails do not only exist to protect society from criminals that can harm the innocent, they also have the intention of rehabilitating inmates so that they can rejoin society as healthy, functioning members who can contribute in a meaningful way. There are many different types of rehabilitation programs established in Canadian prisons. One important rehabilitation program gives inmates access to educational services that they did not receive prior to their incarceration for various socio-economic reasons. These educational services allow inmates, who are often lacking basic education, to become literate, receive their General Education Development diploma, participate in vocational education programs, earn College diplomas and earn University degrees. One of the leading causes of crime is poverty, which is often caused by a cycle of illiteracy and a lack of education. Inmates should be given a chance to be educated while serving their sentence so that they can be rehabilitated into society, rather than being executed. When Capital punishment is in place in a nation, no societal progress can be made. Thousands of lives are taken and no change is made, the cycle of crime continues. Another leading cause of crime is drug and alcohol abuse. Many individuals resort to crime to support their expensive drug and alcohol habits and the majority have not received drug treatment prior to their incarceration. Another important rehabilitation program in Canadian prisons is the drug treatment program. Studies have shown that inmates who are required to participate in drug rehabilitation programs combined with therapy show positive results. The purpose of jails is to not only punish criminals, but to rehabilitate them into society. Inmates need to be given a chance to receive the rehabilitation they need, such as drug and alcohol treatment and an education before their lives are taken away. The solution to crime in our society is not Capital punishment. It is finding the source and the root of the crime, such as poverty, lack of education and drug and alcohol abuse and solving these problems and rehabilitating these individuals. Once inmates are successfully rehabilitated the level of crime will greatly diminish and no lives need to be taken in the form of Capital punishment. There are numerous disadvantages to reinstating Capital punishment in Canada, however one of the advantages to Capital punishment is it costs less money to execute a prisoner than to house them for life. In Canada, rather than receiving the death penalty for crimes such as murder, individuals receive 25 years in prison without the possibility of parole for the duration of those 25 years. It is possible that these individuals will remain in prison for the rest of their lives. If the crime is particularly heinous, the prisoner is designated a dangerous offender. This makes the possibility of parole much more difficult to obtain. Prisoners can also be designated long-term offenders. This is less serious than being designated a dangerous offender, however it is still difficult to receive parole. The designation of dangerous offender and long-term offender are made after individuals are convicted. The prisoners only given these designations once they have received a fair trail. Prisoners such as long-term offenders and dangerous offenders who remain in jail for 25 or more years cost Canadian tax payers and the Government an enormous amount of money. One advantage to Capital punishment is it’s financial benefit to the nations that implement it. The annual cost of housing an inmate in Canada can range between $52,000 to $250,000 a year depending on level of security of the facility in which the inmate is being held. Multiply that figure by the 25 years an inmate serves when sentenced to life in prison instead of receiving Capital punishment and the housing of an inmate for life in Canada ranges from $1,300,000 to $6,250,000. It is Canadian taxpayers who pay for the housing of inmates through the Government. However, the financial benefit of killing individuals instead of housing them for life is not worth potentially killing the innocent. There are many advantages and disadvantages to Capital punishment, however it should not be reinstated in Canada. The disadvantages far outweigh the advantages and it is simply not worth the possibility of potentially killing innocent individuals just to save the taxpayers and the Government money. List Jobb, Dean. Bluenose Justice: True Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Murder. â€Å"First Blood. † (Hantsport, N. S. : Lancelot Press, 1996), pages: 135-40. Napolitano, Angelina. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. University of Toronto. 2011. biographi. ca/index-e. html. Web. 9 Jul. 2012. American Psychological Association. â€Å"Inmate Drug Abuse Treatment Slows Prison’s Revolving Door. † American Psychological Association. 2004. apa. org/research/action/aftercare. aspx. Web. 10 Jul. 2012. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. â€Å"Doing The Crime And Doing The Time. † Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 2012. cbc. ca/canadavotes 2006/realitycheck/crimetime. html. Web. 10 Jul. 2012. Center on Wrongful Convictions. Claude Jones. † Northwestern University School of Law. 2006. law. northwestern. edu/cwc/issues/wrongfulexecutions/ txjonescsummary. html. Web. 9 Jul. 2012. Correctional Service Canada. â€Å"Staff Development and the Formation of Curriculum in Prison Education. † Correctional Service Canada. 2012. csc-scc. gc. ca/text/pblct/forum/e031/e031l-eng. shtml. Web. 10 Jul. 2012. Crime Museum. â€Å"Wrongful Execution. † National Museum of Crime and Punishment. 2008. crimemuseum. org/library/execution/wrongfulExecution. html. Web. 9 Jul. 2012. Michael Bromby. Glasgow Caledonian University. â€Å"An Examination of Criminal Jury Directions in Relation to Eyewitness Identification in Commonwealth Jurisdictions. † Glasgow Caledonian University. http://gcal. academia. edu/Michael Bromby/Papers/9952/An_Examination_of_Criminal_Jury_Directions_in_Relation_to_Eyewitness_Identification_in_Commonwealth_Jurisdictions. Web. 10 Jul. 2012. Steven Duke. Yale Law School. â€Å"Eyewitness Testimony Doesn’t Make It True. † Yale Law School. 2006. law. yale. edu/news/2727. htm. Web. 10 Jul. 2012. [ 1 ]. Dean Jobb, â€Å"First Blood,† in Bluenose Justice: True Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Murder (Hantsport, N. S. : Lancelot Press, 1996), pages: 135-40. [ 2 ]. Dean Jobb, â€Å"First Blood,† in Bluenose Justice: True Tales of Mischief, Mayhem and Murder (Hantsport, N. S. : Lancelot Press, 1996), pages: 135-40. [ 3 ]. Angelina Napolitano. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. biographi. ca/index-e. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 4 ]. Angelina Napolitano. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: biographi. ca/index-e. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 5 ]. Angelina Napolitano. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: biographi. ca/index-e. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 6 ]. Angelina Napolitano. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: biographi. ca/index-e. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 7 ]. Angelina Napolitano. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: biographi. ca/index-e. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 8 ]. Claude Jones, Center on Wrongful Convictions. law. northwestern. edu/cwc/issues/wrongfulexecutions/txjonescsummary. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. 9 ]. Claude Jones, Center on Wrongful Convictions. law. northwestern. edu/cwc/issues/wrongfulexecutions/txjonescsummary. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 10 ]. Crime Museum. crimemuseum. org/library/execution/wrongfulExecution. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 11 ]. Crime Museum. crimemuseum. org/library/execution/wrongfulExecution. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 12 ]. Crime Museum. crimemuseum. org/library/execution/wrongfulExecutio n. html. Date of access, July 9, 2012. [ 13 ]. Crime Museum.

gullivers travels essays

gullivers travels essays Lemuel Gulliver- He is a sailor and observes many different cultures on multiple islands. Emperor of Lilliput- He uses Gulliver to defeat his enemy and then tries to kill him when King of Laputa- He is a peaceful and moral king. He runs a country without complexities and cannot understand abstract ideas. Queen of Laputa- Takes a special liking to Gulliver, and purchases him. She also owns a dwarf who hates Gulliver for gaining her favor. Munodi- The governor of Balnibarbi- Tells Gulliver about the history and problems of his island. The setting of the novel takes place on various islands throughout the world. His homeland is England. He travels to the islands of Lilliput, Blefscu, Surat, Brobdingag, Laputa(a flying island), Balnibarbi(another flying island), Lagado, Glubbdubdrib, Luggnagg, and Japan. The novel takes place in the first half of the 18th century. The book begins when Gulliver goes to sea. He is a surgeon on the ship, Antelope. During this voyage there is a windstorm, which sinks the ship causing Gulliver to swim to Lilliput. Once there he finds little men 6 inches tall. They take him to a temple, the only place large enough for him. The Emperor is not sure what to do with Gulliver, but he is very pleased with his behavior. Gulliver is granted partial freedom for cooperating with the emperor, and given plenty of food. Two countries are at war, Lilliput and Blefscu. The war started over a petty religious debate about which side of the table their eggs should be broken on. Blefscu soon tries to invade Lilliput put they are stopped by Gulliver. Gulliver, who wants a peace treaty, refused to completely destroy Blefscu. His disagreement with the Emperor is made worse when he puts out a fire in the palace by urinating on it. The Emperor pardons this act but is still at odds with Gulliver. Laws in Lilliput are particularly strict. The latest accusation against Gulliver is the worst of all of them. H...

The 17 Largest College Football Stadiums in America

The 17 Largest College Football Stadiums in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Attending home football games can be a huge part of the college experience. Camping out for tickets, tailgating for hours on game day, and cheering their teams on to victory in packed stadiums are cherished memories for countless college alumni. While you shouldn’t choose your college solely for its football team or stadium, if you think you would enjoy the atmosphere of big-time college sports, then it’s reasonable for the athletics environment at a school to play a role in your college decision. In this article, I’ll provide you with a list of the 17 largest college football stadiums in the country. To give you some perspective on the size of these stadiums, the largest NFL stadium, Met Life Stadium, would only be number 16 on this list. These are not only the largest college football stadiums, but they're also the largest stadiums in the country. The List of the Largest College Football Stadiums in the United States #1: Michigan Stadium- University of Michigan Wolverines (107,601) Facts Third largest stadium in the world behind Rungnado May Day Stadium in North Korea and Salt Lake Stadium in India Nicknamed "The Big House" The first game was played there on October 1, 1927 between Michigan and Ohio Wesleyan #2: Beaver Stadium- Penn State University Nittany Lions (106,572) Facts Built in 1960 in a horseshoe configuration seating 46,284 Lights were added in 1984 The stadium is named for James A. Beaver, a brigadier general for the Union Army in the Civil War who served as governor of Pennsylvania and president of the University's Board of Trustees #3: Kyle Field- Texas AM University Aggies (102,512) Facts In 2015, the capacity was increased from 82,600 Known as the "Home of the 12th Man" Largest stadium in the SEC #4: Ohio Stadium- The Ohio State University Buckeyes (104,944) Facts Built in 1922 for $1.3 million Refurbished in 2001 for slightly more than $194 million Known as "The Horseshoe" for its horseshoe configuration #5: Neyland Stadium- University of Tennessee Volunteers (102,455) Facts Named for General Robert Neyland, Tennessee football head coach from 1926-1952 Opened in 1921 as Shields-Watkins Field More than 25 million people have attended football games at Neyland Stadium #6: Tiger Stadium- Louisiana State University Tigers (102,321) Facts The first game played at Tiger Stadium was in 1924 against Tulane The first night game was played in 1931 against Spring Hill Since the NCAA began compiling attendance records in 1957, LSU has averaged 77,647 spectators for its games in Tiger Stadium #7: Bryant-Denny Stadium- University of Alabama Crimson Tide (101, 821) Facts Denny Stadium opened in 1929 with a 55-0 victory over Mississippi College The stadium was renamed Bryant-Denny Stadium in 1976 in honor of Coach Paul Bryant Alabama has won more than 80% of its games in Bryant-Denny Stadium #8: Darrell K Royal-Texas Memorial Stadium- University of Texas-Austin Longhorns (100,119) Facts The original stadium was completed in 1924 and dedicated to the Texans who lost their lives in World War I In 1977, the stadium was rededicated to the memories of all alumni who had fought in all American wars The stadium was officially named after football coach Darrell K. Royal in 1996 #9: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum- University of Southern California Trojans (93,067) Facts The Coliseum is jointly owned by the State of California, Los Angeles County, and the City of Los Angeles The Coliseum has hosted two Olympic games, in 1932 and 1984 The Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball played at the Coliseum from 1958-1962 #10: Sanford Stadium- University of Georgia Bulldogs (92,746) Facts Named for Dr. SV Sanford, former president of the university It was opened in 1929 It hosted the medal round of the 1996 Olympic men's and women's soccer competition #11: Rose Bowl- UCLA Bruins (92,542) Facts The Rose Bowl has hosted five Super Bowls It was built in 1922, but it wasn't home to UCLA's football games until 1982 Site of the New Year's Tournament of Roses Football Game #12: Memorial Stadium- University of Nebraska-Lincoln Cornhuskers (92,000) Facts Every home football game has sold out since 1962 Statues of former Nebraska coach Tom Osborne and former Nebraska quarterback Brook Berringer can be found outside the north side of the stadium When full, Memorial Stadium holds more people than any Nebraska city other than Omaha and Lincoln #13: Ben Hill Griffin Stadium- University of Florida Gators (88,548) Facts More commonly known as "The Swamp" "The Swamp" was coined by former coach Steve Spurrier in the 1990's The stadium was originally constructed in 1930 #14: Jordan-Hare Stadium- Auburn University Tigers (87,451) Facts The stadium is named for Ralph "Shug" Jordan, Auburn's all-time winningest football coach, and Clifford Leroy Hare, a member of Auburn's first football team and president of the Southern Conference The turf is known as Pat Dye Field, named after former coach Pat Dye In 1939, the first game was played there to a 7-7 tie against the University of Florida #15: Doak Campbell Stadium- Florida State University Seminoles (82,300) Facts In 2004, the turf was named Bobby Bowden Field after legendary coach Bobby Bowden Doak Campbell Stadium opened on October 7,1950 when Florida State defeated Randolph-Macon 40-7. It's named after Doak S. Campbell, president of the university at the time of its construction #16: Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium- University of Oklahoma Sooners (82,112) Facts The stadium opened October 20,1923 against Washington University (Missouri) Also known as "The Palace on the Prairie" During the Great Depression and Dust Bowl, the stadium served as a dorm for young men attending the university #17: Memorial Stadium- Clemson University Tigers (81,500) Facts More commonly known as "Death Valley" Stadium opened on September 19, 1942 with a 32-13 victory over Presbyterian College Much of the construction of the stadium was done by scholarship athletes What's Next? Whether the athletics environment of the school is a factor in your college decision or not, I highly recommend that you review this article on how to choose a college. If you subscribe to the philosophy that "bigger is better," check out this post on the biggest colleges in America. If you prefer to have smaller classes and be part of a close-knit community, learn about the best small colleges. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Pow Wow Music Event of the Native Americans Term Paper

Pow Wow Music Event of the Native Americans - Term Paper Example The set-ups of the pow wow events are generally marked by series of big circles. The central circle is exclusively made for dance and is taken as dancing area. The central circle is surrounded by the circles consisting of MC’s table, groups playing drums consequently followed by sitting areas provided for dancers and their families. Outside these greater circles there are areas for the people who have come to attend and see the show followed by allotted areas for vendors and suppliers of food, music items, costume, jewellery, souvenirs, native art and crafts, tribal bead works, leather items of the Native Americans, shops for the tribal tattoo works and suppliers for regalia. The nature of the grand opening is sacred for some groups and they do not allow photography at all during this time. Others are quite lenient in this respect. Pow wow opening is followed by pow wow dance which are of myriad types. These dances are a descendant dance of tribes from Canada and the United St ates. The opening and closing session of the Pow-wow dance is of poignant importance. But apart from these two sessions, the most commonplace item in the session and the popular dance is the ‘intertribal dance’ under which the group playing the drum plays any song and the audience are free to join on any item of the session. The other popular dance of the Pow-wow dance basically comprise of the ‘round dance’ and the ‘crow hop’ and when these dances are performed they are performed by northern drummers or a song popularly known by the name of ‘horse stealing song’ performed by the ‘southern drum’ which is assisted by â€Å"double-beat† or â€Å"sneak-up† along with the Traditional and Jingle with the support of â€Å"sidestep†. And all these songs have different steps to be accompanied but the steps are subjected to freestyle of dance. Pow wow music is centrally accompanied with American-Indian drum ming followed by singing along with dancing in the pow wow performance. There are many genres of pow wow performance which is unique and typical to respective tribes.  

Children of Men Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Children of Men - Movie Review Example This essay demonstrates that it is noteworthy that the only hope for the human suffering from infertility is vested in a black pregnant woman Kee. The latter, in her turn, embodies the European myth of ‘noble savage’, the person representing a more authentic version of people â€Å"surrounded by a natural environment and living according to the rules of nature† (Cornea 184). For this reason, human infertility in the film creates the opposition between people and nature because while people lose their ability to reproduce animals retain it, which is evident in the examples of farm animals in the immigrant camp. In other words, Kee’s racial identity symbolizes her return to the natural state of mankind, which is further stressed by her pregnancy as the sign of her close ties with nature. Animals are also significant in the film because Kee makes her pregnancy known to her protector Theo in the barn standing surrounded by calves. The scene takes on symbolic me aning because it equates Kee and her unborn child with the Madonna and child as the only hope of humanity. What is more, the barn scene partially explains the reason for the human-nature opposition and ensuing conflict in the movie. Kee notices that the cows are mutilated to fit the particular types of milking machines serving human needs. In her view, it would have been more reasonable to adjust the machines to nature (Children of Men). Thus, it becomes evident that the denial of nature lies at heart of infertility treated as a broad concept in the film.

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Business Law - Essay Example This means that there is unlimited liability and the owner will be responsible personally to repay any debts that may arise from the business. An electrical contracting business would require large amounts of capital to set up and then run the day to day activities. Such limitless capital would not be available with a single person who plans to open a new business, thus he may resort to borrowing or taking loans from lenders. This too is not a guaranteed way to acquire capital as lenders would be unwilling to invest in a new business controlled by a single person with unlimited liability. They would want the personal assets of the owner to cover their loans so that in case of default in the repayment, the assets might be used to recover the loan provided. Secondly, an electrical contracting business needs sophisticated machinery and constant supervision. A single person will not be able to control and supervise 24/7, causing mismanagement which the competition can take advantage of. However, a sole proprietorship is easy to form and dissolve as it does not include legal formalities for starting and closing a business. Although a business such as an electrical contractor would require a government license giving permission to produce and supply electricity which would require certain conditions to be fulfilled. A sole proprietor does not need to share his profits with anyone and he pays minimum income tax as he is not a partnership or a corporation which pay a large proportion of their profits in tax. Electrical contracting business as a Partnership An electrical contracting business being set up as a partnership means ownership is shared between 2 to 20 people. This means that the business will have greater capital and credit resources. A partnership is governed by the law and follows a written document known as the partnership agreement. This document contains all the provisions necessary for smooth running of the business for example managerial duties, share of profits etc. A partnership too can be formed relatively easily as compared to a company. Forming a partnership for conducting an electrical contracting service would require a government license. This license can be achieved relatively easily as compared to sole proprietor business. A partnership consists of two or more thus each person can utilize their managerial skills and benefit the business. For example a partner who is an electrical engineer can work on the machines while another partner who is an accountant can manage the accounts of the business and ensure smooth running. A partnership means the risk of the business is spread over the numerous partners thus one person does not have to take the burden. However, a partnership has unlimited liability as well. This means that all the personal assets of the partners are at risk and a bad decision by one partner can result in loss for all the partners. Being a partnership there is still a limit to the amount of capital that ca n be acquired thus the business has a limitation on the size. Lastly, a partnership will be subjected to large amounts of taxes under the law. A partnership can acquire several types of tax id numbers, e.g.  A Federal EIN Number - The Federal Tax Identification Number is used to identify a business entity and is required for employers and corporations as well as partnerships. A State Sales Tax Id - Sales tax

Quickbooks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quickbooks - Essay Example The company would have also opted to obtain loans from other financial institutions, this would have helped in increasing the companies gearing ratio which is very low. The company current ratio is also negative this is as a result of its payables being more than its receivables; the company has incurred a lot of accrued debts which are to be settled in the next financial year. These incurred debts tend to lower the companies gearing ratio thus putting it in a bad financial position. The company has no retained earnings as per the end of the month of December. This is quite evident on its financial statements because the little amounts that it has it uses it in paying its declared dividends and some money in paying out its debtors whose debt periods are almost maturing. The company has also used most of its funds in the purchase of assets as evident in the financial statements. The company should reduce the amounts of expenditure on assets and put much of its funds in generating additional income that will help in increasing its financial position a bit higher (Brown, Beekes & Verhoeven 2011). The company should also adopt a much more cost saving strategy that will help in reducing its rate of depreciation. The management should adopt measures that are much better that the policies adopted on the month of

Target comapny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Target comapny - Research Paper Example This when compared to other competitors of Target Corp, shows that the company has performed good considering the intense competition within the retail industry from the likes of giants like Walmart. Walmart reported a profit of $15,355 million in 2011, Costco reported $1,462 million in 2011 while Best Buy Co reported 1,277 million in year ending 2011. Target Corporation tends to operate efficiently within the retail industry. The company, like many of its adversaries, values its inventory on the basis of Retail Inventory Method. Under this method, the inventory is measured and reported at the Last in First Out (LIFO) method whereby a cost-to-retail ratio is applied to inventory grouping’s ending value. The inventory is further reported at the lower of the LIFO cost or the market value. Target Corporation has gradually increased its revenue with the years passing by. The reported revenue in 2011 was 69,865 million – which was 3.5% more than the previous year revenue. The year 2011 also showed Target Corporation reporting its highest EBIT and Net earnings in the last five years, $5,322 million & $2,929 million

Employment and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Employment and Society - Essay Example d). Alienation, lack of job security and emotions are the major factors which increases stress at workplace. Competition is really tough currently in the business world and both the managers and the workers are under tremendous pressure to meet the targets and the deadlines. Thus managers are forced to adopt aggression at workplace in order to derive maximum out of the employees which will increase the stress levels of both the employees and the managers. It is difficult for a manager to adopt democratic style of functioning always and the instructions from the top forced them to share some of the stress they are getting from the top to the workers as well and this may often happen in the form of aggression. Lack of job security is another cause for the increased stress at workplace. The current global recession has broken the backbones of many organizations and the employers forced to cut down the employees and their salaries. Insecurity in employment is always a worrying factor for the employees which may increase their stress level. The living standards are changing rapidly and it is difficult for the people to find their livelihood even with the help of a good job. Under such circumstances, insecurity of jobs always creates panic among the employees. Emotions are the third factor which may increase the job stress. For example, most of the people are struggling to find enough time for fulfilling their family and social commitments because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Many working people are often complaining that they are not getting enough time to spend with their family. Moreover, leisure time for enjoyment and relaxation are also less because of the increased responsibilities at the workplace. Thus the employees forced to work like machines at the workplace hiding or suppressing all their emotions which increases their stress level immensely. â€Å"Flexibility is about an employee and an employer making changes to when,

Target comapny Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Target comapny - Research Paper Example This when compared to other competitors of Target Corp, shows that the company has performed good considering the intense competition within the retail industry from the likes of giants like Walmart. Walmart reported a profit of $15,355 million in 2011, Costco reported $1,462 million in 2011 while Best Buy Co reported 1,277 million in year ending 2011. Target Corporation tends to operate efficiently within the retail industry. The company, like many of its adversaries, values its inventory on the basis of Retail Inventory Method. Under this method, the inventory is measured and reported at the Last in First Out (LIFO) method whereby a cost-to-retail ratio is applied to inventory grouping’s ending value. The inventory is further reported at the lower of the LIFO cost or the market value. Target Corporation has gradually increased its revenue with the years passing by. The reported revenue in 2011 was 69,865 million – which was 3.5% more than the previous year revenue. The year 2011 also showed Target Corporation reporting its highest EBIT and Net earnings in the last five years, $5,322 million & $2,929 million

Money and Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Money and Banking - Essay Example To put into effect the ruling, federal authoritarian agencies inspect banking association designed for CRA compliance, in addition to get this information into deliberation when appreciative applications for fresh bank branches otherwise intended for mergers or acquisitions. The Worker-Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 looks for to address inequity in loans prepared to persons and businesses as of less and reasonable -income neighborhoods. The Proceed mandates that the entire banking organization that take delivery of FDIC insurance be assess to ascertain if the organization is suggest credit in cooperation in which the banks receive deposits, in a mode consistent by means of safe and sound process. The regulation does not file exact criteria for assess the performance of economic institutions. To a certain extent, it through that the assessment process must provide accommodation the circumstances and context of every one particularized institution. The Federal policy dictates agency performs in assess an institutions compliance in the five functioning areas, encompass the twelve estimation factors. This inspection culminated in the delegation of a ranking and the inscribe report turn out to be part of the supervisory document in favor of that institut ion. The law, nevertheless, give emphasis to that an institutions CRA actions be supposed to be undertaken in a secure and sound mode, and does not necessitate institutions to build high-pitched -risk loans that possibly will get losses to the organization. An organization CRA compliance document is taken into account by the depository regulatory organization when the institution searches for to get bigger all through merger, acquisition otherwise branching. The law does not consent in the least added penalties for non-compliance among the CRA. Housing backing groups be there also influential in the fight in

English Traves Essay Example for Free

English Traves Essay Plagiarism is one of the most important issues that students have to face in their academic lives. If they are found guilty of committing plagiarism in their works, they can face serious consequences like failure or expulsion from the school. As such, it is important that they learn how to properly cite and acknowledge the works that they lift from other authors and sources. The reading indicates that anything that is borrowed from another work or author must be cited. â€Å"The only types of information that do not require acknowledgment are common knowledge, facts widely available in many sources, well-known quotations, or material you created or gathered yourself † (Author, Year, p. 747). Students must be able to distinguish these things so that they do not make the mistake of plagiarizing. To avoid plagiarism, all they have to remember is to acknowledge anything that they did not write or come up with. There are several ways to document and acknowledge other writers’ works including the Modern Language Association (MLA) and the American Psychological Association (APA). These documentation styles allow writers, whether students or professionals, to avoid being accused of plagiarism. Another way to avoid plagiarism is to try writing a piece of work without using any sources. Students should learn how to write their papers using their own thoughts, ideas, and words. Original work is always better to present although some instructors do require their students to perform research so that they would learn more about a particular subject. It should be remembered that no writer wants his or her work to be borrowed and not be acknowledged for his or her effort. In addition, students need to realize that it is better to learn how to cite their sources than suffer the consequences of being accused of plagiarism. Reference Author. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.

Shakespeares Henry the Fifth :: William Shakespeare Plays Literature Essays

Never, in all the years since the introduction of the art known as theatre, have the dramatic works of a single person achieved the popularity and cultural transcendency that is so characteristic of the plays by William Shakespeare. The monumental popularity that has led to countless productions of all his plays, on stage and, more recently, on film, nearly all has led to a collection of interpretations on Shakespeare’s work by men and women that have been influenced by almost half a millennia of tumultuous history. Perhaps the most influential event that can affect all aspects of society, including the artistic community, is war. William Shakespeare’s Henry V, itself written in a war-plagued time of English history, with the Earl Of Essex’s impending invasion of Ireland (Maus, 717), revolves around an earlier event of war, the legendary victory of England’s warrior-king, Henry V, over the French forces in the Battle of Agincourt. The play, written in a time of war, about a time of war, has seen many interpretations, one of the more popular of which Laurence Olivier’s 1944 film adaptation was written at the height of World War II. A new production is now underway, continuing with theme of real world events influencing the presentation of the play, the most notable feature being the novel setting of the play: Vietnam, in the late 1960’s. As opposed to many previous productions of the play, which preserved the 15th century time setting, this production is set in the 1960’s, with a-play-within-a-play motif throughout the performance, as American soldiers perform the play in front of other American soldiers as part of some recreational pause from the madness of war, which is in turn played in front of the true, contemporary audience. The presentation of Henry V in such a unique manner allows deeper analysis of the war-time motivations of the characters in the play, the real audience being fully aware of any comparisons between the English campaign and the American campaign, made more poignant by the constant presence of the pseudo-audience, men involved directly in the latter. We can also observ e different aspects of the play’s protagonist, King Henry, that would be absent in more traditional presentations of Henry V. Some justification for this unorthodox method of presenting a Shakespearean play seems to be in order. Although immensely rich in his language and showing painstaking attention to his characters, Shakespeare’s stage direction is decidedly spartan, usually only a simple indication of when a character enters and exits.

Athens :: Geography Greece Papers

Athens Problems with format Three interesting sites in Athens include the Olympieion, Roman Market, and Hadrian?s library.? The emperor Hadrian[1] played an important role in the history and construction of all three of these sites, lending his name to parts of the various structures.? All three sites are located within close proximity of each other, and serve as examples of the vibrant, changing, and extensive history of the city of Athens.? The architectural styles are also definitive of the many different artistic and cultural eras these monuments have endured. Olympieion The Olympieion is also called the Kolonnes or the Temple of the Olympian Zeus, and according to tradition, it dates back to the time of the mythical Deucalion, according to Pausanias, and is connected to ancient cosmogonies.[2]? According to other ancient sources, this ancient temple was also associated with the early cults of Zeus?hence the name.? Construction of the Temple of the Olympian Zeus began in approximately 515 BCE by Peisistratos the Younger, but it was not finished due to the ?fall of tyranny in Athens.?[3]? Antiochus IV Epiphanes, the king of Syria, tried to resume the construction around 174 BCE, and it was finally finished under Hadrian (who was intrigued by Greek art and culture) in 124-125 CE.[4]? The rectangular-based temple stands 250 meters long by 130 meters wide, making it one of the largest temples in the ancient world, though as Frommer?s remarks, ?it may be more appealing as a ruin than it ever was as a contender for the title ?mother of all temples.[5]? Nevertheless, this temple, one of seven wonders of the ancient world,[6] is the largest temple in Greece, and the largest temple built in the Corinthian[7] style of architecture.? Originally, the structure probably consisted of about 104 to 108 columns (there is disagreement among sources), however today only 16 remain.? Of those 16, only 15 remain standing, as one was struck by lightning in 1852.[8]? These large columns stand 17.25 meters high and have diameters of approximately 1.7 meters.? The gate to the temple was built by Hadrian in 131 CE and functioned as a triumphal arch.? The inscriptions found here are also interesting parts of Hadrian's arch.? On the northeast side (the side facing the Acropolis), the inscr iption reads, ?This is Athens, the ancient city of Theseus. On the southeast side, however, there is a different, contrary inscription that reads, ?This is the city of Hadrian and not Theseus.

Latest Earth Theories Essay

Plate tectonics rend to describe the huge scale motions of the earth’s lithosphere. The theory actually encompasses old concepts of the continental drift developed in the twentieth century and seafloor distribution hence it was clearly understood from the year 1960. The modern theory states that the lithospheric plate movement means the continental drift and it is caused by the radioactive mantle that normally produces heat and the elements within the core. Consequently, the heat creates the conversion currents within the mantle that tend to drive the plates all along their path of the movement. Hence, when plates crash, denser plates submerge underneath lighter, less dense crustal plates along subduction zones. As much as very heavy plates move downward they really melt and the molten rock objects makes its way towards the surface and finally its extruded direct to the surface as lava. A little number of plates slide past one another and eventually they cause earthquakes (Anderson 2007). The present information on the structure of the earths interior comes right from the studies of the paths together with the characteristics of the earthquake waves that do travel all through the earth. It as well comes right from the laboratory experiments on the surface minerals as well as rocks at high pressure and the temperature. People have problems in explaining the features of plate tectonics since the pictures that are in the textbooks are very much removed from the reality. Tectonic plates are the real plates which make up the less-than-firm of the earth’s crust. These particular plates soar on the volcanic emission layer of the molten rock under them. As they shift while rubbing together, the vibrations are the earthquakes. While the volcanic emission pushes up among the plates it creates a volcano. References Anderson, D. (2007). Latest Earth Theories. Cambridge: Cambridge Publishers.

McDonald’s and Hindu Culture Essay

McDonald’s doing global business and their restaurants around the world. By 2003, the company had 30,000 restaurants in 121 countries. In the late 1990s, McDonald’s entered in India. Although India is poor nation, there are 150 to 200 million prosperous middle class population was attracted McDonald’s. However, there are unique challenges for McDonald’s. For thousands of years, India’s Hindu culture has revered the cow and do not eat the meat of the scared cow, also there are some 140 million Muslims in India, and Muslims don’t eat pork. To respect and adapt Indian culture, McDonald’s created an Indian version of burgers which are made from mutton and chicken. All foods are segregated vegetarian and nonvegetarian, due to many Hindus are vegetarians. Issue Statement. In 2001, three Indian businessmen living in Seattle are all vegetarians and two who were Hindus, they sued McDonald’s for â€Å"fraudulently concealing the existence of beef in McDonald’s French fries! Through some argument between Mac and Indian people, finally Mac admitted that it used a â€Å"minuscule† amount of beef extract in the oil. McDonald’s settled the suit for $10 million and issued an apology. However, news blaze abroad, Hindu nationalists onto the streets in Delhi, where they vandalized one McDonald’s restaurant, causing $45,000 of damage; shouted slogans outside of another; picketed the company’s headquarters; and called on India’s prime minister to close McDonald’s 27 stores in the country. McDonald’s Indian franchise holders quickly issued denials that they used oil that contained beef extract, and Hindu extremists submit McDonald’s oil to laboratory tests to see if they could detect beef extract. Problem Analysis and Justification * The main problem of the case is religion issue. Hindu culture has very strong belief because it has remained unbroken and largely unchanged for at least five thousand years. (http://www.atributetohinduism.com/Hindu_Culture.htm#Religion) Used the oil that contained beef extract is very serious matter for Hindus. * The case also involves the Mores of norm. Mores are norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and to its social life. (Charles W.L. Hill, 2005) There are many differences between cultures as to what is perceived as mores. In America, eat beef is widely accepted, but for Hindus that violate Divine Mother. * There is different culture between two countries. U.S is more individualism society against Hindu is more collectivism, so they walk together onto the street. * McDonald’s should not give inconstant argument that oil contained beef extract. This will make people un-trust of the company. Conclusions and Recommendations. With above problems analysis, the company should have some solution. Firstly the company must understand how differences in culture affect the practice of the business. McDonald’s knows Hindu do not eat beef and yet they still put beef extract in the oil, the reason may the company didn’t understand the Hindu culture clearly. Furthermore, the company can employ the local citizens to help them do business in particular culture. These factors also give other foreign fast food and retail stores a lesson when they first time entrance India. Actually McDonald’s can avoid Hindu nationalists paraded onto street and damage of the restaurant by block the news, because the company has settled the suit for $10 million, they can asked the court to block the news. For my opinion, McDonald’s not necessary go in very localizing taste. As McDonald’s say nowadays young generation enjoyed the â€Å"American† experience, so this is an advantage of McDonald’s doing American style but McDonald’s must be on continual guard against the particular culture. List of References. Charles W.L. Hill (2005), International Business, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York. David A. & Stephen P (2005), Fundamentals of Human Resource Management, 8th edn, John Wiley & sons, Inc. NJ. Kotler & Armstrong (2004), Principles of marketing, 10th edn, Pearson Education International, New Jersey.

Hill Country Snack Foods Co Essay

Hill Country Snack Foods Company manufactures, markets, and distributes snack foods and frozen treats throughout the United States. Hill Country is overall well performed company. Sales, Net Income, ROE and ROA had increased at a steady rate. Company mainly focused on maximizing the shareholder value by the CEO and other management’s managerial philosophy. Currently, Hill Country uses a risk adverse strategy to choose their business or project. Hill Country’s industry is high competitive but it kept going well with cost efficiency and quick reaction to customer requirements. From these reasons, Hill Country has few risks. However, analyst and experts present that Hill Country’s excess liquidity with zero debt is going to lose benefit and fail to maximize the shareholder value. Risk may be hided in the steady company’s good performance. Pending retirement of CEO is one of risks. ii) Briefly discuss the current corporate culture Hill Country was a well-managed company with decisions which can make shareholder value. CEO and other management insiders also held a significant proportion of company’s common stock. It means that they have responsibility as employee and owner. Company also has strong commitment to efficiency and controlling costs. These are great power to survive in highly competitive markets. Another important of Hill Country’s culture and managerial philosophy was caution and risk aversion. From that reason they choose zero debt financing and fund internally hold large cash balances. From the discussion of our team members, some of members think that it is too risk aversion position. Only efficiency will be stuck in near future so they should invest somewhat risky project and raise the debt. The others think that it is unique and fresh and in snack and food industry, it may be good strategy and philosophy like Coca-Cola’s permanence. iii) How does the stock market evaluate Hill Country’s current situation compared to its peers in the same industry (base your discussion on the valuation in the stock market) As shown in Exhibit 2, we can easily check the financial status of Hill Country with two competitors. In comparison to Snyder’s, a company with a little larger sales, and Pepsi, a company with 47x more sales, Hill Country performs well given its size. Hill Country has 3.5 times more NI than Snyder’s. However market capitalization of Hill Country is 1,412 mil USD which is lower than Snyder’s 1,517 mil USD. Market doesn’t think that Hill Country has lower value which expresses future expectation. This could be a result due to its capital structure and risk aversion strategy. P/E ratio also shows the same judgment. In the part of book value of asset, Hill Country’s ROA is higher than Pepsi’s ROA. However Hill Country’s ROE is lower than Pepsi’s because of debt. This is another indication of market evaluation. iv) Discuss how much financial risk the company would face at each of the three alternative debt-to-capital ratios presented in case Exhibit 4(you may discuss based on the financial risk faced by firms with different credit ratings); As the debt-to-capital ratios increases, the possibility of bankruptcy and cost of financial distress increase. In the case of Hill Country Snack Foods, Co., the credit rating will be downgraded1 and interest rate will increase according to the increased level of debt. Interest coverage ratio which measures company’s ability to honor its debt payments also decrease dramatically as quality of debt increase. Impact on net income from changing in EBIT will increase and financing flexibility will get worsen with the increased level of debt. It also can lose chance to time the market if it has more debts as it has little buffer to issue new debt.

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research - Essay Example In addition, he illustrates that conservatives do not have the right to implement their religious beliefs on another group of people. The 14th amendment can be used to protect gay marriage and the conservatives do not base their arguments against gay marriage on any legal concepts or founding principles of the country. Kellard also argues against the fact that people are against children being educated about gay marriages at school (n.p). He states that this is not protecting them as they will be exposed to this information at some point in their lives. Kellard states that the notion that gay marriage is against the constitution of marriage is wrong as the main reason people get married is for love (n.p). On the other hand, many people are against the legalizing of gay marriages. This group of individuals considers the act as unnatural and incompatible to society. Per Springg stated that the advocates for gay marriage are unaware of the long term implications that exist with legalizing gay marriages (n.p). Some of these effects would include the teaching of homosexual marriage in public schools. This would directly influence the mentality of children in schools and affect societal norms. Many of these children will be led towards gay marriage as it would be something new. Hence, this threatens religious liberties and many religions would be persecuted and condemned for opposing gay marriage. The other impacts would be on the increase in the number of divorces and a reduction in the number of heterosexual marriages. This would also result in the denial of either a mother or a father for many children who are raised in these families. Since homosexuals are incapable of reproduction phy siologically, there would be a decrease in the birth rate which will affect the dynamics of the population in the country. In addition, other people such as polygamists would also raise the point that they are allowed to marry multiple

Criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Criminal law - Essay Example (Lord Diplock in R v Miller)2 The actus reus and mens rea need to coincide, however the requirement is interpreted broadly. (Fagan v. Commissioner of Police3) In certain circumstances omissions can count as sufficient actus reus. One of the situation is where the conduct of the defendant created a situation of danger. (R v. Miller)4 The acts of Dot attract s.1(1) the actus reus of which requires a person destroying or damaging any property which belongs to another. The actus reus must be voluntary. (Woolmington v. DPP)5 The destruction or damage of the property must impair the value or usefulness of the property. (A v R)6. Such destruction or damaged must be without lawful excuse that is there is no honest belief on the part of the defendant that the owner consented to such destruction or damage. (Denton)7 In the current situation the actus reus of Dot was by way of an omission as he was the one who created the situation of danger. The next element in actus reus is that he of destruction or damage, clearly the fire had led to damage being caused to the shed. Clearly Dot did not have any lawful excuse to cause such destruction as he merely wanted such destruction so as to further the value of his property. Dot acquired the intention of such destruction when he refrained to constrain the damage by letting the fire to grow and destruct the shed and therefore the mens rea of the offence would be proved. (Cunliffe v Goodman)9 Since the elements of actus reus and mens rea are proved it is pertinent to point to s.1(3) which states that destruction by fire would be charged as arson which, if proved, carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment. Furthermore such an offence is to be treated separately from criminal damage.(R v. Booth)10. It is clear that the destruction caused was by fire and therefore Dot would be charged under arson. He clearly does not have any defence to

How Has Photography Been Used To Reflect Upon The Ways In Which Essay

How Has Photography Been Used To Reflect Upon The Ways In Which Looking Is Socially Structured - Essay Example Ergo, what exists for women is a sort of masochistic pleasure of observing one’s own pain. In her work, â€Å"Visual Pleasure And Narrative Cinema† (1975), Mulvey states that women’s place in society is to compensate for the weakness in men by submitting her own strength, thus removing the threat of emasculating and upsetting the male world, or as Mulvey calls it, the phallocentric order. She goes on to state that mainstream cinema was formed in the language of the dominant group, that being men, and that only a cinema that rejected the mainstream cinema’s oppressive format and paternal structure could truly be considered alternative. In her analysis of cinematic visual pleasure, Mulvey refers to Sigmund Freud’s definition of scopophilia, that being the taking of a person as an object, and subjecting them to a controlling gaze. The extreme version of this, Freud explains, can develop into a fixated perversion where the viewer can only attain sexual satisfaction from objectifying others by watching them. The narcissistic aspect of scopophilia oc curs at the time of mirror phase during childhood, where the viewer not only recognizes himself or herself in the mirror, but also perceives the mirrored image to be superior to the real image. In an attempt to understand the relationship spectators have to film and cinema, earlier theorists, such as the auterists, formalists, structuralists, and Marxists, attempted to measure how moviegoers respond to films. Their attempts proved to be inaccurate, however, because the theorists failed to take into account the dissimilar natures of the spectators, and thus wrongly assumed that they would respond to the same text in the same manner. Any individuality that the spectators brought to the act of viewing the film was not considered in the study’s conclusion; therefore the resulting determination can not really explain the significance or meaning that the film